Concussions

Contact and high-speed sports (e.g., football, hockey, soccer) carry a high risk of concussions from collisions, falls, and rapid head movements.
Symptoms include headaches, dizziness, memory problems, and slow recovery.
Key risk factors: prior concussions, poor technique (e.g., tackling), and inadequate protective gear.
Prevention includes proper technique training, rule enforcement, and education on symptom recognition.
Concussions account for 15–20% of all sports-related injuries, with 1 in 5 high school athletes reporting at least one concussion.
Tools like smart helmets and biomarker testing improve early detection and safer return-to-play decisions.

Signs and Symptoms

Mild

Mild headache
Slight dizziness
Brief confusion
Sensitivity to light or noise
Fatigue

Moderate

Persistent headache
Noticeable balance issues
Difficulty concentrating
Blurred vision
Nausea or vomiting

Severe

Intense headache that worsens
Severe dizziness or coordination problems
Loss of consciousness (even briefly)
Slurred speech
Seizures

Immediate Care

Rest: Physical & mental rest (limit screen time, reading, and strenuous activities)
Ice: Apply a cold pack to any external bumps to reduce swelling
Hydration & Nutrition: Stay hydrated and eat a balanced diet to aid recovery
Pain Relief: Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is preferred; avoid NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen) due to bleeding risk
Gradual Return to Activity: Resume daily activities slowly, following medical guidance

When to see a Doctor

Loss of consciousness, even briefly
Persistent or worsening headache
Repeated vomiting or nausea
Slurred speech, confusion, or behavioral changes
Seizures or convulsions
Weakness, numbness, or coordination issues

Professional Treatement

Non Surgical:

Physical therapy (stretching & strengthening)
Heel lifts or orthotic inserts for support
Eccentric strengthening exercises

Surgical:

Surgical tendon repair
Post-op immobilization (cast or boot)
Long-term rehab (6–12 months)

Prevention Strategies

Strength Training:
- Calf raises, eccentric heel drops
- Resistance band exercises for ankle stability
Flexibility & Warm-ups:
- Stretch calves and Achilles tendon daily
- Gradually increase workout intensity
Gear Recommendations:
- Supportive footwear with proper heel cushioning
- Orthotic inserts for foot alignment correction

Latest Research

Blood biomarkers may offer a more accurate way to diagnose concussions, according to a study by Meier et al. in Annals of Neurology. These markers can detect brain injury soon after impact, providing an objective tool to support traditional assessments and improve return-to-play decisions.